The Church And The System Of Monarchy - 1430 Words

For centuries the comfort of traditions was how humans lived. The teachings of the church and the system of the monarchy was the way the cities and countries were ruled and people would not question it because it was the way that they must be follow or else there would be consequences. Although there were those who constantly reinforced the old customs, change is inventible in history. People stopped listening to the church and started to learn for themselves. The enlightenment period was born and the old world was a talk of the past. It completely reinvented the ideas and beliefs of olden days and brought on a new look for the world that they’ve been accustomed to. Thus pushing away the church supremacy and bringing forward the age of reasoning, the period of enlightenment is the most profound event in history because of the increase of social interactions between people, the exploration of nature and the change in political views. One of the most important social developments from the enlightenment period was coffeehouses. As people formed their own opinions on political topics, there was a want to discuss and improve on arguments that were created by people. At first only the most prestige members of society would gather in a location and have debates or discussions. People who were not on the social ladder also wanted to participate in discussions, and had to make a more common ground to meet up. This became the birth of the coffeehouses. Drinking Coffee was also a newShow MoreRelatedThe Absolute And Constitutional Governments During The Seventeenth Century Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pageslimited. Absolutists monarchies were trying to be established all over the country, unfortunately many of them failed due to various factors. Throughout the seventeenth century Europe rulers have tried to maintain an absolutist monarchy however society still found some holes in their power, which limited the rulerâ€℠¢s control. The absolute and constitutional governments were two very different governments in practice, but also maintained similar characteristics in both systems of government. TheRead MoreWestern Civilization : An Absolute Monarchy And It s Faults843 Words   |  4 PagesOnce the seventeenth century began, western civilization became based upon bounds. In a structured and shared-power system known as limited monarchy, rulers either became hastened within their bounds or exploded from them. As the British Isles were frustrated in the religious, political, and national voices going unheard, England developed a Protestant-run nation in conjunction with Scotland as a bounded country in 1707. Their Parliament would make their decisions, distribute the country’s wealthRead MoreKing Louis Xiv : The Absolute Monarchy1470 Words   |  6 PagesMonarchs who hold the divine right to rule appear time and time again throughout history. Oftentimes, they use this ‘mandate of heaven’ to exercise full and absolute control over the governmental system of their society. This form of government is called an absolute monarchy. Absolute monarchy is a tool that, wielded well, can become extremely prosperous for both the kingdom, as well as the king that presides over it. On the other hand, when less capable figures attempt to harness the power of absolutismRead MoreCauses of the French Revolution Essay1336 Words   |  6 Pagesor causes of it have been greatly disputed. Clearly the Revolutions primary cause was the presence of a weak monarchy and a lack of a stable system of government. Frances absolute monarchy had many changes toward the end of the eighteenth century. Louis XIV, in his attempts to centralize his authority and also lessen the power of the aristocrats, had planned out an intendant system. The intendants were like governors. They would oversee one region of the country. These intendants did notRead MoreThe Myth Of Fourteenth Century Europe845 Words   |  4 Pageshowever, a Catholic schism, the ability for social mobility, and standing armies would develop in the following years, ultimately leading to sizable differences in life. The essence of fourteenth century European life revolved around the Roman Catholic Church; the papacy asserted spiritual rule and every individual was devoted to God and their beliefs. Therefore, when the plague hit Europe and killed one third to one half of the entire population, people questioned God as to why He would kill entire townsRead MoreAp Euro Chapter 191602 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 19- French Revolution 1) Describe the 3 estates of France. Who paid the taxes? Who held the wealth and power in France? The first estate was the top 1% of population which is the government, church, and clergy men. They experienced special privileges and paid no taxes. The Second Estate is made up of the 2% of population and included nobility. They experienced special privileges and were taxed lightly. The Third Estate was made p of the common population. They included lawyersRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Western Empire1428 Words   |  6 PagesConstantinople. With the Empire falling apart kingdom began to form in the West and the glue that held these pockets of power was the increasingly powerful papacy and the newly formed governing system called federalism. The now established religion of the once Western Roman Empire, Catholicism, was the one governing system that did not lose its foothold in the Western Empire when the Roman Empire collapsed. From Canning we gather that â€Å"From the late forth and above all the fifth century there is clear evidenceRead MoreFrance - Change over Time Essay (French Revolution)1156 Words   |  5 Pagesother European nations in the 1700 s, France experienced a dramatic shift of sentiments against the monarchy, nobility, and Catholic Church as the people, fired by rousing new Enlightenment ideals, began to question authority and emphasize the need for equality, liberty, and democracy. The social and political changes in France were best characterized by three different periods - the weak monarchy of King Louis XVI and the subsequent period of confusion after his removal from power, the reign ofRead MoreEssay on Louis XVI506 Words   |  3 PagesEstates-General was another change in the French government which he introduced. When the monarchy was abolished, he saw it as something that would help his country. All of Louis actions were attempts to achieve one goal. Louis XVI tried to please the French people and prevent the French Revolution. For many centuries, a feudal system had been in use in France. The peasants and serfs were at the bottom of this system. They made up 75% of the population. The National Assembly (formerly the Estates-General)Read MoreEssay on The English Civil War1669 Words   |  7 Pageswho had obtained leadership after the Marston Moor battle. Although it took more then eighteen years for the results of the civil war to settle, there were no long term effects of the war. While there were minor reforms to the system, the people, the Church and the Monarchy of England went back to living their lives relatively the same as they had before the start of the English Civil War. Violence during the English Civil war effected hundreds of thousands of English civilians. However, â€Å"while violence

Starbucks in Japan - 9274 Words

STARBUCK in JAPAN [pic] PLAN - Introduction + Video - Presentation de la Team + Nos objectives - Concept STARBUCKS - Timeline (general + Japon) - PESTEL - Hofstede –Monochronic –comparaison Jap/USA - How STARBUCKS enterred in Japan ? Strategy Joint Venture. - Export/ Supply Process (Map) - 5porter’s Forces - Brand Pyramid - SWOT - Competition + Mapping - Marketing MIX (Product/Price/ Promotion/ Place) - Recommendations - Conclusions - Introduction + Video o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S16gbq-tZCI o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8rp9OGLrrc - Concept STARBUCKS (flo) The†¦show more content†¦It had a positive account balance of $166.5 billion the same year. But, the Japanese economy was disrupted in March 2011 due to the earthquake and the effect of the tsunami. 2012 GDP growth is expected to be at 2.9% according to the OECD. - The GDP per capita in 2011 was at $34,000 (PPP, ranked 38th); - The unemployment rate was at 4.7% in 2011; - The inflation was at 0,3% in 2011; The GDP by sector is the following: - Agriculture : 1,5% - Industry: 22,8% - Services: 75,7% The main industries are motor vehicles, industrial and transportation equipment, electronics, chemicals, steel, machine tools, processed foods, non-ferrous metals In recent years, there is a deflationary spiral that tends to make wait consumers to have lower prices. Furthermore, Japan must cope with a huge public debt which account for 200% of the GDP in 2010. In 2010, Japan was ranked 15th of 183 countries in the Ease of Doing Business list (WorldBank). The economic organization is mainly characterized by: - Strong links between industry, contractors and distributors. Exchange rates and stability of the host country: The yen is the official currency of Japan and is denoted by JPY. It is the third most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the Euro and the US dollar. 3.Show MoreRelatedStarbucks in Japan1077 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive Summary Thirty years ago, Starbucks was a single store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market selling premium-roasted coffee. Today it is a global roaster and retailer of coffee with some 17,000 stores, 40% of which are in 50 countries outside the United States. In 1995, with 700 stores across the US, Starbucks began exploring foreign opportunities. The first target market was Japan. The potential for coffee sales in Japan is significant. The Japanese economy is the third to the United StatesRead MoreStarbucks in Japan1105 Words   |  5 Pages13716002514600Case Study – Starbucks in Japan 00Case Study – Starbucks in Japan 2775585164592000 Executive Summary Thirty years ago, Starbucks was a single store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market selling premium-roasted coffee. Today it is a global roaster and retailer of coffee with some 17,000 stores, 40% of which are in 50 countries outside the United States. In 1995, with 700 stores across the US, Starbucks began exploring foreign opportunities. The first target market was Japan. The potential for coffeeRead MoreStarbucks-Going Global Fast1353 Words   |  6 PagesCASE: Starbucks- Going Global Fast Summery Starbucks is one of the largest chains of coffee shops in the world. They started their business in the early 80s as a tiny chain of Seattle coffee shops, grew rapidly in the 90s and now own 5,689 coffee shops in 28 countries. This chain of coffee shops is very well managed by a well seasoned management team popularly known as H2O, because of Howard Schultz (Chairman and Chief Global Strategist), Howard Behar ( Head of North American Operations)Read MoreCase 1-1 Starbucks1026 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study 1-1 Starbucks 1) Identify the controllable and uncontrollable elements that Starbucks has encountered in entering global markets. As Starbucks enters the international market will have to deal with the experience the going pains and tensions of entering an unknown territory where the public atmosphere is going to be different. First, some of the controllable elements that Starbucks deals with are the 4p’s (Price, Place, Promotion, and Product). Starbucks ultimately has controlRead MoreStarbucks and Cultural Distance896 Words   |  4 Pagesexpansion of Starbucks. Maarten de Graaf, s1861263 Tom Breteler, s2022117 Group 12 13-10-2010 Introduction to International Business Ms. Wilhelm 1. What are the four dimensions of ‘distance’ in Starbuck’s international expansion? The four dimensions are culture, administrative, geographic and economic distance. 2. How did Starbucks reduce the ‘distance’ vis à   vis host countries? Starbucks used many tactics to reduce its distance from foreign markets. Firstly, Starbucks conducted extensiveRead MoreStarbucks s Marketing Strategy For Starbucks860 Words   |  4 PagesThis particular case starts off by telling the background of Starbucks as it is today. 30 years ago, Starbucks was a single store in Seattle s Pike Place Market selling premium roasted coffee. They decided to change their traditional customer experience in the 1980s. When the company s director of marketing, Howard Schultz, came back from Italy, he felt enchanted with the coffee house experience of Italy. Mr. Schultz wanted to duplicate this experience in his own coffee stores.   The new strategyRead MoreStarbucks, An American Multinational Corporation Global Vision1661 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the country by being familiar of the cultural differences, make specific modifications to their marketing mix (i.e. 4 P’s – product, price, promotion, place). This report will analyse th e case of Starbucks, an American multinational corporation global vision expanding into ventures in Japan and Australia, what were the positive and negative implications of entering these markets and what potential solutions they can implement in order to achieve a competitive edge. Most companies that pursueRead MoreStarbucks Case Study1640 Words   |  7 Pages#1) Identify the controllable and uncontrollable elements that Starbucks has encountered in entering global markets: The controllable factors that Starbucks has encountered entering the global market are similar to those in their domestic market. These factors include product, price, place and promotion. The Starbuck s name and image connect with millions of consumers around the globe. Internally, Starbuck s is able to make adjustments to fit a county s cultural tastes and expectations regardingRead MoreEssay on Starbucks Case - Going Global Fast1029 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1: Identify the controllable and uncontrollable elements that Starbucks has encountered in entering the global market. The case discusses multiple international markets that Starbucks had entered. Japan, France, Italy, Austria, and the Middle East were mentioned. Starting with the Japanese market, the elements that faced Starbucks there were uncontrollable. The first element was the fierce competition in the Japanese market that already existed, and the fact that Japan’s economy hadRead MoreStarbucks and Cultural Distance885 Words   |  4 Pagesinternational expansion of Starbucks. Maarten de Graaf, s1861263 Tom Breteler, s2022117 Group 12 13-10-2010 Introduction to International Business Ms. Wilhelm 1. What are the four dimensions of ‘distance’ in Starbuck’s international expansion? The four dimensions are culture, administrative, geographic and economic distance. 2. How did Starbucks reduce the ‘distance’ vis à   vis host countries? Starbucks used many tactics to reduce its distance from foreign markets. Firstly, Starbucks conducted extensive

A Nurses Perspective on the Alert for Pulmonary Arterial...

On The Alert for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension On The Alert for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Summarized by: Joanne Marie Tarrobal-Baynosa Arellano University - INP Summarized by: Joanne Marie Tarrobal-Baynosa Arellano University - INP By Vincent M. Vacca, Jr., RN, CCRN, MSN Nursing Journal, December 2009 Issue By Vincent M. Vacca, Jr., RN, CCRN, MSN Nursing Journal, December 2009 Issue Nurse Vincent M. Vacca, Jr. aptly described in this issue of the Nursing Journal the significance of early detection and health management of people who are or are maybe suffering from Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. He described PAH as a condition wherein a patient is having a mean pulmonary arterial (PA) pressure of greater than 25 mm†¦show more content†¦A lung or heart transplant is then recommended for patients whose condition doesn’t improve or worsens. The survival rate according to nurse Vacca for patients receiving lung transplant is 74% after 1 year and 45% after 5 years of receiving the new lung. However, he said the wait time for donor lung can take up to 3 years but sadly patients with PAH can not wait that long. Therefore nurse Vacca emphasized the importance of educating families and patients with PAH the proper management of this condition in order for patients to live longer and have a better quality of life. Some of the examples he mentioned in the proper management of this condition includes proper administration of medication including knowing its side effects, appropriate planning of activities and rest, reducing fluid retention by following a low sodium diet, daily weight monitoring and being alert in recognizing peripheral edema, the use of supplemental oxygen if needed, and knowing when to contact a health care provider upon onset of symptoms. Most importantly, encourage patients to discuss end of life issues with their family and/or social services and supportShow MoreRelatedAcute Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Copd )2076 Words   |  9 PagesBased on a case study for a 76 year old female, Betty White, presenting to a medical ward with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), this paper will firstly outline a brief summary of COPD and discuss the associated risk factors. Secondly, the patient’s information will be summarised. From the perspective of the primary Registered Nurse, this paper will detail steps of an initial clinical assessment of the patient. In doing this, the priorities and considerationsRead MoreCommunity Acquired Pneumonia18251 Words   |  74 Pagesconceptualized the total management for the client’s satisfaction. The institution aims to be internationally acclaimed when it comes to standards and services. The gathering of data was done at the 7th rear of the said hospital. There is designated nurse’s station for the area. This area is composed of an organization which includes consultants, resident physicians, interns, department manager, unit manager, charge nurses, staff nurses, ward clerks, nursing aides or orderlies, technicians and janitors

What are Dystopian Novels - 966 Words

Dystopia is common theme which dates hundreds of years in literature worldwide. Dystopian novels and short stories often depict a society repressed by a totalitarian government which comes to power after a cataclysmic occurrence, wielding unforgiving power and control over inhabitants for their own good. These dystopias are often perceived by the average citizen as a normal or unavoidable way of life, sometimes even a better way of life, yet there is often a single person or group of protagonists who question the justification of such living arrangements and threaten upheaval of the utopia sold by the ruling class. Dystopian work is often an overt commentary on â€Å"social and political structures† (â€Å"Utopian†) present at the time of their†¦show more content†¦Despite Roth’s commentary on social stratification, Divergent feels less like a dystopian allegory and more like teenage angst with a bit of romance and lots of violence thrown in. There is li ttle reference to social or political strife (Erudite seems to want control simply for the sake of being in power, not because of misgovernment by Abnegation), and no real exposition to show how greatly the dystopian society of the future is different than the society of today. The novel neglects to explore the causes of the Great War (an important factor to the birth of a factionalized society) and fails to plausibly convey how such a political and social system could exist 100 years without confrontation and uprising. Why would each faction cede power to one other faction (effectively silencing their own voices) rather than opt for a government run by a council of equal number ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four 1359 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Fear is created not by the world around us, but in the mind, by what we think is going to happen†(Elizabeth Gawain). In Nineteen Eighty Four, George Orwell locates his novel in a politically dystopian society. A dystopia is a â€Å"bad place†, being translated from the Greek words dis topos. This term was created to be seen as the opposite of a Utopia after the novel Utopia was written by Thomas More. Dystopian novels are written to daunt the reader of how future societies will turn out. The term hasRead MoreAnalysis Of Dystopian Literature1066 Words   |  5 Pagesmay peek interest. The dystopian genre is unique and offers readers both suspense and action with a balance between reality and fantasy. â€Å"Dystopian literature is a genre of fictional writing used to explore social and political structures in ‘a dark, nightmare world† (Questia par 1). In order to form this nightmare world, the author must send a message of warning to readers regarding the reality of their characters, often manipulating literary devices to do so. The dystopian atmosphere is composedRead MoreThe Dystopian Novel, Brave New World By Aldous Huxley And Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1 405 Words   |  6 PagesThe dystopian fiction genre has been created through fear of the future and delivered through horrifying stories with strong sexual undertones. The realization of important truths is not an easy task for most people, so dystopian novelists must resort to various fairly extreme methods to make sure that there is no mistaking the message. Authors such as George Orwell, Ray Bradbury, and Aldous Huxley extend characteristics of their societies to the breaking point in order to warn the public toRead MoreCorruption of Technology in Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury739 Words   |  3 PagesFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Fahrenheit 451 is a book by Ray Bradbury, written after World War II and it examines the corruption of technology in a dystopian society. This book explains how a dystopian society works and how people are so attached to television and cars and do not enjoy the natural world. People in a dystopian society are full of fear and sadness. They do not have equality or freedom, they are all so soaked up in technology that it is illegal for them to do simple stuff, suchRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 And The Giver902 Words   |  4 Pagesbasic rights, a world without love. This describes the world depicted in George Orwell’s 1984. This dystopian world may have felt a million miles away when Orwell wrote 1984 in 1949. But, in today’s society, the interest in dystopian novels and films continues to grow. Many comparisons can be drawn between various dystopian novels. 1984 is especially similar to the novel and film The Giver. The novels share similarities in characters, memory, time, emotion, relationships, government, and jobs. WinstonRead MoreOne Of The First Dystopian Novels To Become Famous Was1396 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the first dystopian novels to become famous was 1984. The concept of dystopian novels is not only to entertain readers, but to let them understand the characteristics and ideas of a dystopian society. Some of these characteristics are shown through our society but at a more drastic level. Basic fears are exaggerated such as the following: distrust of others, disease, contaminated water, nuclear holocaust, etc. The reader can gain more knowledge by finding ways in which the topics the authorRead More`` Gulliver s Travels `` By Jonathan Swift1724 Words   |  7 PagesBy definition, dystopian texts are texts which take place in a futuristic, imagined universe in which oppressive societal control and the illusion of a perfect society are maintained through corporate, bureaucratic, technological, moral, or totalitarian control. Throughout the last two to three hundred years, dystopian themes have been present in major, widely-circulated texts, with the earliest listed dystopian text, Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels†, dating back to 1726. And, while the 1800’sRead MoreDystopian Fiction : Dystopian Novel1559 Words   |  7 PagesWhy is dystopian fiction important? Some may say that it is because of the high-tension environments, the action, or the gripping storylines. While those aspects certainly play a significant role in the continued success of dystopian fiction, being well-written stories is not the only goal. This paper will detail various reasons why dystopian fiction continues to be popular and successful with all audiences, using The Hunger Games, Divergent, The Giver, and Ready Player One as examples. In orderRead MoreCharacteristics Of Dystopian Literature957 Words   |  4 PagesDystopian literature in strong contrast to works of utopia are works that presents a negative view of society and humankind. Dystopias work around a few key characteristics such as, technological advances that enslave humans, division of people into groups with unique functions; and a loss of history making the people easier to manipulate psychologically. We can see the technological advances and the result of those advances profoundly in Do Androids Dreams of Electric Sheep. This is seen with twoRead MoreEssay on The Dystopia in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dystopia in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale Offred is a Handmaid in what used to be the United States, now the theocratic Republic of Gilead. In order to create Gileads idea of a more perfect society, they have reverted to taking the Book of Genesis at its word. Women no longer have any privileges; they cannot work, have their own bank accounts, or own anything. The also are not allowed to read or even chose who they want to marry. Women are taught that they should be subservient

Changes and Continuities free essay sample

The aspects that contributed heavily to the typical women during the Renaissance were her roles in the marriage, her looks and character, and her working landscape. During the Renaissance, marriages were extremely typical and similar, especially for the women in those marriages. Women usually took a backseat and let the men do most of the work. While the men took control of all the decisions that he felt were bet for the household, the women were required not to take part in any decision-making. This was because it was the norm to see women as inferior to their male counterparts in these areas. Women were simply very submissive to their husbands, having to obey every one of his commands and having to refrain from doing everything that displeases him. Women just had to live through control their whole life, as they are controlled by their fathers through childhood and by their husbands during marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on Changes and Continuities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, the looks of women also contributed to her life during the Renaissance. The looks of the woman weighed heavily of how she was viewed in society. Her beauty was one of the few positives about her characteristics. There was a huge need for the woman to be beautiful if she wanted any sort of recognition in the society. However, looks werent the only factor in which would determine the amount of attention the woman would gain in the society. Her personality was also another factor weighed in with her physical looks. She was commended for having a personality that was drawn-back; such as being timid, submissive, kind, modest, humble, patient, and having a controlled temper. Basically women were praised for being the complete opposite of the personalities of men. Nevertheless, women also had jobs that were typical for their lives during the Renaissance. During the Renaissance, the working landscape of women also contributed to their lives. These jobs included needlework, spinning, weaving, these jobs, however, didnt change the fact that many women were unemployed during this period. There were many factors that contributed to the lack of jobs that were available for women at that time. These factors included, the evolving economies of the European continent, and the movement of many places of work. Women were also involved in craft guilds, to become goldsmiths, cutlers, butchers, etc. Women who worked with their husbands would also take over the business when the husband died. Women necessarily didnt enjoy their time during the Renaissance. Their social status was decreased from the middle ages. The aspects that heavily contributed to their un-enjoyable life during the Renaissance were marriage, the way she was perceived mentally and physically, and the landscape for work in Europe for women

Critical Literature Review on Ethical Marketing Research

Question: Topics such as online consumer behaviour, engagement with social media and responses to smartphone advertising have become areas of profound interest to the marketing academic and practitioner alike. ...digital technologies have also brought new challenges to doing research in an ethical manner. Questions of privacy and confidentiality, reliability of data collected and distribution of results have become problematic in the digital world where people can perceive they are hiding their identity but actually leave traces of their activities and intentions, and where the rallying cry of the internet [sic] in the 1990s information wants to be free has no fee or ownership.write a literature review (comparing and contrasting different authors views on the subject) that addresses the research ethics that should be employed, and why it is so important; pay particular attention to the Cookie Law of 2011 and the subject of informed consent). Answer: With the advent of new technology and areas of marketing technique, the research on ethical practices surrounding these new developments have become more and more relevant. New and advanced areas in research have emerged in the form of online customer behaviour, consumer engagement using social media as well as advertising through smart phone, which has attracted interest from marketing researchers and practitioner. By virtue of nature of certain processes in these marketing, the research on these aspects often experience different ethical dilemma. Due to these challenges many professionals involve in marketing study do not follow ethical principles to fuller extent and various tactics in misuse of data often surface. Hence it has been considered in research at large that there is need to review various issue in ethical perceptions mainly in marketing practice and research (Aggarwal et al., 2012). As it is well known that post 1990s the challenges for marketing researchers in maintaining ethical integrity have increased enormously lot of care is being taken in many quarter including the practitioners. The job involved in marketing research ethics have greatly some under greater magnitude of scrutiny from consumer bodies and governmental authorities due to a number of practices. Most of such practice emerges from new and advanced technology and sophisticated tools and techniques in marketing research. Mainly the area of concern centres round the relationship between the researcher and the general public and areas of gathering new corporate intelligence. An opinion based article by Clark (2014) tries to unearth the phenomenon of pooling of experience by market researchers and practitioners in the process of overcoming ethics related objections towards some standard level practices in market research mainly in the new digital world culture. In addition the digital technology leads to further challenges in research following ethical approach. The concepts such as privacy and confidentiality at one hand and reliability over the information and their distribution in other have taken more challenging shape. The article has found the contrasting behaviour of people in terms of perception of people to keep the identity confidential vis-a-vis arguing the freedom of information sharing without any cost or ownership as such. New challenges from legal and regulatory authorities are also equally discussed mainly n the line of Cookie Laws during 2011 that warrants need for explicit consent of data users for storing and retrieving the data. These behaviours are seen as producing confusion in ethical aspects in marketing research mainly by the actual meaning of consent, its role in regulating advertisers and protecting users at the same time keeping the latest technology intact and in place. In case of researchers involved in topics of marketing ethics at academic level, further pressure accrue from Ethical Review boards mainly institutional ones, at the time of funding, publications and disseminations (Clark, 2014). The new areas such as digital marketing research, online marketing are increasingly coming under strict scrutiny about issues for coping with conflicts of norms followed by research institutions. Practices such as incentivization to conduct survey and data collection by market researchers and practitioners are another ethical dilemmas that the review boards face online and digital marketing issues. Often the boards claim these practice violate the principles associated of anonymity of participant and their information. These practices are expected to be implemented by academics as well as practitioners following highest standard of ethics in terms of providing incentives in online data collection methods such as surveys. Since the incentivization may be coun ter-productive nature thereby posing more challenges the market researchers, practitioners and academics should take enough precaution without compromising with efficacy of their works (Clark, 2014). Many market researchers have taken a lead in comparison to other research disciplines with a lot of emphasis on ethical aspects (Bernardi et al.2008). Many academics from marketing topics have examined issues on research ethics in several points of view (Hunt and Vitell, 1986) some of which focussed on alterative models in explaining ethical aspects in disentangling the decision-making process of marketing professionals in varying contexts (Murphy and Laczniak 1992). Some studies even have devised a host of issues in marketing ethics which were tested empirically and illustrated conceptually (Hair and Clark 2007).In the backdrop of dramatic change in the processes involved in market research due to use of technology and failure in the part of prior research to systematically analyse the ethical lapses in marketing research and practice, Aggarwal et al. (2012) evaluate the public level perceptions on unethical practices in marketing research. The article tests the perceptual changes a cross time among various practices in research practices. The judgments from marketing professional about ethicality of new marketing research situations both offline and online circumstances. The article also examines the public level judgments on unethical practices in marketing research and found there is a growth in disapproval of such practice among marketing researchers as well as managers, mainly in online environment rather than offline environment. While the frequency of unethical practice is reported higher among practitioners, the tolerance to such practice is lower among the market researchers. Aggarwal et al. (2012) in their study apprehends that such kind of unethical pressures may be occurring with less frequency in most organisation who maintain stronger code of ethics and the employees of such firms being aware of these codes. While many other studies suggest that practitioners believe a code of ethics may have limited effect in contexts where the competitions become intense (Ibrahim et al. 2009), the study by Aggarwal et al. (2012) foresee that the code would continue to exert an positive effect on employees behaviour. The study finds a consensus among people that breaches in ethical code occur infrequently but there continues to have a disapproval of such breach of conductAnother area mostly used in marketing practice and of utmost ethical importance is the informed consent of users and use of cookies my agencies for some sort of research process. The criteria of procuring the consent in online marketing practice and research pose the real ethical challenge in term o f questioning the informed aspect. Millett e al. (2001) in their study examined the process through which the cookie based technology and the web based browser design responds to the concerns related to the informed consent. The study in particular, documents design changes in navigators like Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer and some others in five year long study from 1995 following a retrospective approach. It found that across subsequent time periods, the cookies were used in terms of invading substantively users privacy, without knowledge of the later (Millett e al. 2001). This is also used in tracking online activity of users across the web sites and frequency of visits into those web sites. These activities and such other concerns have already garnered much attention across countries. The major and continued problem is categorized in terms of involving the informed consent which users have neither been adequately informed on what cookies would do and the use of personal i nformation, nor given adequate choice for declining participation in his process of consent. Hence it is important to understand the process of supporting informed consent through the cookies and web browsers too (Millett e al. 2001). The study by Millett e al. (2001) examined five criteria such as disclosure, voluntariness, comprehension, agreement and competence to assess the performance of cookies, in supporting the informed consent in online marketing practice. The observations of this study dwelt upon the retrospective level analysis and found that even if cookie based technology improved across time in terms of informed consent, still major problems remained existent at large. Of these challenges some may be remedied easily following certain practice in the line of ethical marketing principles such as redesign of Web browsers that allows the users to delete easily the cookies as per convenience or define the date of expiration of cookie. Some other option could be setting of browser preference on Explorer being redesigned for inclusion of comprehensibly and well labelled option for declining all cookies which then be returned to the web sites of the third party. Some remedies may be found to have some diffic ulty in implementation due to changes in levels and browsers. In order to foster usability of and informed consent from the users it may be served when default condition is declined for all cookies. Alternatively, some of the better available options may not be possible enough to be implemented if there is any delay in identifying the actual problems and designing the action to be taken thereof.Besides the ethical issues that that has surfaced in marketing research and practice with the advent of new technology and approaches, stakeholders relationship too has been challenging. A critical review by Murphy and Laczniak. (1992 b) examines closely the role of general public in the form of relevant stakeholder within the space of marketing research since they form the main option of dissemination. Many of the market research outputs are disseminated to public by different medium such as advertising for a host of reasons. The inaccuracy in use of outputs from marketing research may creat e wrong impressions about the results in the public. Any deviation in practice followed in marketing research which may deceive the attention of public can undermine purpose of the enterprise as a whole. The study finds a host of unethical research practice and the repercussion in general public as well as policy makers mainly in 3 points. They are incorrect and incomplete reporting, misleading reporting, and non-objective type of research. The article also find out possible alternative ideas for ethical action in overcoming these challenges altogether. The inaccurate, complete and incorrect findings from the market research and practice when disseminated among the general public can impair research activities which would have been legitimate in nature by spoiling the willingness of public in participating in market survey based research. In addition to these problems, the response rate, statistical level of reliability, quality of response from them and many such outputs can be aff ected adversely. Even the inaccurate findings from market research may pose other serious problems like distorting perception of policy makers over public opinion and issues related to business. Incorrect feedback may even result into misinterpretation of consumer sentiments by policy makers thereby making the research procedure invalid. Misreporting of information resulted from unethical market research can also play as confounding factor for the ability of public in distinguishing valid research findings from invalid market research results. In turn the result of even valid market research results may mix with inconsistent as well as contradictory finding leave the public into a state of indifferentness, confusion and distrustful when they read and interact with research results of the survey based research. At the end, the findings may lead to widespread distorted awareness. Murphy and Laczniak. (1992 b) apprehends that incomplete reporting may occur in a condition in which market practitioners or researchers knowingly or inadvertently leave relevant piece of information from the analyse and a report followed by circulation the same among the general public. This is prevalent among some firms who are involved with undertaking market research and then publicizing in trade press the results out of such research. Commonly omissions occur in facts and figures which the firm itself chooses to unearth the markets components and the areas they are involved in strong distribution and reputation. Hence, the findings of the market research would probably be looking like skewed in certain favourable direction thereby giving wrong reflection about the firms issues. The positive kinds of developments often temper various such practices thereby leading to lower quality and incomplete form of reporting. Instances from recent most practice by major research publication house like Wall Street Journal publishing the poll based information in specific inserts providing full details about the sample drawing procedures and steps in reaching the study respondents in their market research. While some uses may find this information to be not very useful by them, this may provide those people a base and interest to know the basis used for judging and identifying limitations and scientific level validity of the results. Moreover guidelines form expert institutions for public Use of research results out of market research are available to general public giving the details on design, origin and execution of research. Even the study (Murphy and Laczniak, 1992 b) provides detailed repercussion of misleading reporting from market research and ethical underlining on general public, researchers and firms altogether. This misleading reporting practice presents research findings in a way in which the conclusion drawn by intended audience may become unjustified. In n on-objective reporting type of unethical marketing research practice the general public sometime may not be in a position for judging whether the piece of marketing research has been conducted in an objective manner. For this they may continue to rely on the aggregate percentage and read merely the main points of an advertisement without studying the procedure or methodology the research has followed in bringing out the results. Major problem emerge in case of use of the leading type of questions used in the survey research which may promote the finding to public only. Based on a detailed analysis of various stakeholders, their response to the research results, quality and quality of reporting from research results, the article by Murphy and Laczniak (1992 b) provides a host of ideas which can be used by market researchers interested in raising the ethical bar of the profession of market research and practice. Most of these ideas pose to intend as stimulating the thinking process and possible action on implement to the best possible level the ethical policies inside the firms and industries in general. Certain specific option like establishment of ground rules followed by familiarising these rule as ethical standards of market research d practice for people and organisations that the market researchers would deal in day to day life and future. Market researchers treating the clients, respondents, competitors and public at large should follow ethical principle both at legal as well as competitive basis. The professionalization of existing market research could be another option for ethical practice. While market researchers and practitioner should have many more obligations towards clients, respondents and the public, the clients likewise too would owe the market researchers some sense of fairness so as to produce better, durable and ethical results.Based on the understanding of ethical challenges and its effect on market research, several areas can be taken seriously. The experience of practitioners in these areas can be of use to academics too fro proper education and sensitisation. They can be useful in identifying the potential challenges in ethical aspects as well as and developing appropriate options.The discussion on ethical aspects in marketing research suggests some interventions such as resolution of such issues b y use of well defined guidelines which should be and non-negotiable in nature and these should be disseminated widely across organizations and institutions so as to combat unethical conducts. The stakeholders aspects are important equally for ethical reasons. References Aggarwal, Praveen; Vaidyanathan, Rajiv and Castleberry, Stephen (2012). Managerial and Public Attitudes Toward Ethics in Marketing Research, Journal of Business Ethics, 109:463481. Bernardi, R. A., Melton, M. R., Roberts, S. D. and Bean, D. F. (2008). Fostering ethics research: An analysis of the accounting, finance and marketing disciplines. Journal of Business Ethics, 82: 157170. Clark, L. (2014). 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